![]() From this point, Ming China declared to Koryŏ that the territory of the previous Yuan Dynasty belonged to the Ming and announced the construction of Chŏllyŏng Commandery. After years of struggle with the remaining Northern Yuan forces, Ming China only seized the chance for victory in 1385 (11 th year in Wu’s reign) with the surrender of Naghachu of the Northern Yuan. Ming China attempted to capture Liaodong since 1371 (20 th year in Kongmin’s reign). In the end, he was not able to secure Liaoyang as part of Koryŏ territory. 3 At one point in time, Yi Sŏnggye had captured Liaoyang but retreated due to the difficulties in procuring military provisions. ![]() 2 Kongmin ordered Yi Sŏnggye, Chi Yongsu, and An Ugyŏng to attack Tongnyŏng Commandary and Oro Mountain Fortress in Liaodong. In addition, the fact that a large number of Koryŏ people had resided in this region for a century during Yuan intervention bolstered Kongmin’s attempt to recapture Liaodong. At the time, none of the families in the northeastern border region had vested rights or power as the Northern Yuan Dynasty was weakening. Shuangcheng) and asserted sovereignty over the territory to the north of Samsal (Pukchŏng), Ssangsŏng. In 1356 (5 th year of Kongmin’s reign), Kongmin recaptured the Yuan commandery of Ssangsŏng (C. Afterwards, Koryŏ underwent a period of intervention from Yuan China, and only during the reign of Kongmin, Koryŏ was able to express its intention to reclaim the Liaodong area through the plan to conquer the Tongnyŏng Commandary. 1 However, due to the controversy that arose in Koryŏ surrounding the attack on the Jurchens, the Koryŏ government voluntarily returned the territory to the Jurchens in order to quell the opposition and appeals within Koryŏ. In the second year in the reign of King Yejong of Koryŏ (1107), Yun Kwan built nine fortresses in the region that Koryŏ reclaimed from the Jurchens. However, the interest in Liaodong in the early Chosŏn dynasty was not based on the logic of reclaiming the territories that had once belonged to Koguryŏ and Parhae, but instead on Yun Kwan’s nine fortresses built during the Koryŏ dynasty after driving out the Jurchens. After the fall of the Koryŏ Dynasty, King T’aejo of Chosŏn also showed his determination to reclaim Liaodong. King Kongmin and King Wu even dispatched Korean military forces to Liaodong during the Yuan-Ming transition period. ![]() ![]() Afterwards, with the rise of the Yuan Dynasty, King Ch’ungsŏn of Koryŏ was appointed by the Yuan emperor as the King of Shenyang, and the movement to reclaim Liaodong began to gain momentum in Korea. However, when Parhae fell at the hands of the Jurchens, the Koryŏ Dynasty was unable to secure Liaodong. During the Three Kingdoms Era, this area was part of Koguryŏ (Goguryeo) territory, and after the collapse of Koguryŏ, it was part of Parhae (Balhae) territory. Liaodong is a region located to the east of the Liao River in China, and it refers to the southeastern part of Liaoning Province today. ![]()
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